What are Gemstones Made of?

What are Gemstones Made of?

Here's a list of gemstones with their chemical makeup:

  1. Agate - SiO2
  2. Amber - C10H16O
  3. Amethyst - SiO2 with iron and manganese impurities
  4. Apatite - Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl)
  5. Aquamarine - Be3Al2(SiO3)6
  6. Aventurine - SiO2 with inclusions of mica or hematite
  7. Bloodstone - SiO2 with inclusions of iron oxide
  8. Calcite - CaCO3
  9. Carnelian - SiO2 with iron oxide impurities
  10. Chrysocolla - Cu2SiO3(OH)2·H2O
  11. Chrysoprase - SiO2 with nickel impurities
  12. Citrine - SiO2 with iron impurities
  13. Clear Quartz - SiO2
  14. Emerald - Be3Al2(SiO3)6
  15. Fluorite - CaF2
  16. Garnet - A3B2(SiO4)3, where A can be Ca, Fe, Mn, Al, etc. and B can be Al, Fe, Cr, Mn, etc.
  17. Hematite - Fe2O3
  18. Howlite - Ca2B5SiO9(OH)5
  19. Iolite - (Ca,Na)2Al3(SiO4)3
  20. Jasper - SiO2 with various impurities
  21. Kyanite - Al2SiO5
  22. Lapis Lazuli - (Na,Ca)8(AlSiO4)6(S,SO4,Cl)1-2
  23. Lepidolite - KLi2Al(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2
  24. Malachite - Cu2CO3(OH)2
  25. Moonstone - KAlSi3O8 with inclusions of feldspar
  26. Obsidian - SiO2 with various impurities
  27. Onyx - SiO2 with inclusions of various minerals
  28. Opal - SiO2·nH2O
  29. Peridot - (Mg,Fe)2SiO4
  30. Pietersite - SiO2 with inclusions of fibers of crocidolite, chrysotile, or other minerals
  31. Prehnite - Ca2Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
  32. Pyrite - FeS2
  33. Quartz - SiO2
  34. Rhodonite - MnSiO3
  35. Rose Quartz - SiO2
  36. Ruby - Al2O3 with chromium impurities
  37. Sapphire - Al2O3 with iron and titanium impurities
  38. Selenite - CaSO4·2H2O
  39. Smoky Quartz - SiO2 with inclusions of aluminum, iron, or other minerals
  40. Sodalite - Na4Al3Si3O12Cl
  41. Sunstone - (Na,Ca)AlSi2O6 with inclusions of hematite, goethite, or other minerals
  42. Tiger's Eye - SiO2 with inclusions of iron oxide and crocidolite fibers
  43. Topaz - Al2SiO4(F,OH)2
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